Does alcohol have as much of a focus as drug addiction in UK essays

Does liquor have as a very remarkable concentration as illicit drug use in UK articles Liquor is the most ordinarily utilized medication in Britain with just 7 percent of men and 13 percent of ladies portraying themselves as non-consumers (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000: 6). At the point when considered in populace terms, liquor is a more significant hazard factor for introverted conduct than are different medications since it is all the more often taken in abundance (Rutter et al, 1998: 154). The vast majority expend liquor socially and reasonably; anyway there are some who drink vigorously, with not simply antagonistic physical and mental impacts for themselves. It has been assessed that liquor abuse adds to 40% of brutal wrongdoing, 78% of ambushes and 88% of criminal harm cases (Deehan, 1999: 1). Combined with reports that 28% of all guilty parties seen by the probation administration have liquor issues contrasted and 12% with sedate issues (Alcohol Concern, 1999: 16), no doubt liquor has a bigger part to play in wrongdoing than the abuse of medications. In any case, the Government has put intensely in medicate use anticipation - 94 million every year - yet has apparently ignored the issue of liquor abuse, spending as meager as 1 million every year on advancing counteraction and treatment (Dean, 2000). Add to this an absence of genuine liquor related wrongdoing figures, with just explicit beverage driving offenses having a recorded measurement; until ongoing Home Offic e direction, a nonappearance of a satisfactory meaning of a liquor related episode (Alcohol Concern, 1999: 14); and the production of a network request explicitly for medicate abusing guilty parties and not liquor misusers (the Drug Treatment and Testing Order, or DTTO) and no doubt liquor has been left to take a rearward sitting arrangement in the Governments plan. To attempt to learn whether liquor is the overlooked issue in the Criminal Justice System (CJS), this paper will analyze (yet quickly) the connection between liquor ... <!

Dell computers was founded by Michael Dell in Essays

Dell PCs was established by Michael Dell in Essays Dell PCs was established by Michael Dell in Essay Dell PCs was established by Michael Dell in Essay Table of Contentss Page 1 1.0 Introduction Page 2 Report Page 3 2.0 Mission Statement Page 3 3.0 Dell’s Operation Page 3 4.0 Dell in the UK Page 4 5.0 Competition Page 7 6.0 Dells’ Current Strategy Page 8 7.0 Drawbacks Page 9 7.0 Decision Page 10 List of sources Page 11 1.0 Introduction This examination will show an occurrence of the Dell Corporation, growth into the UK showcase, which is presented both a product and administration to the new market that separated itself from rivals. The investigation offers a short profile of the organization, taking a gander at the improvement of concern and selling plans by Dell in the UK. At that point the qualities and failings of the company’s plans are talked about, according to their broadening into the UK advertise. Dell Inc, was once known as Dell Computer Corporation, and was established by Michael Dell in 1984. The organization structures, creates, enterprises, markets, administrations and supports an extent of processing machine frameworks, bundle and peripherals. The organization was begun with simply a 1,000 US Dollars and the creation was to remove the merchant in the individualized computing machine advertise. The build has transformed Michael Dell into one of the wealthiest work powers in America today, despite the fact that this strategy for selling registering machines was non as promptly acknowledged in the UK showcase ( www.dell.com ) . In the USA the organization without further ado started manufacturing its ain IBM-good registering machines under the name PCs Limited. Net saless came to around 6 million US Dollars during the company’s first twelvemonth, mounting to 34 million US Dollars the undermentioned twelvemonth. By 1987 Dell was the prima mail request processing machine organization in the United States. In a similar twelvemonth it made a gross incomes power to point enormous organizations and started adding universal workplaces to catch the post office based mail showcase outside the United States. The company’s headquarter are situated in Round Rock, Texas ( www.dell.com ) . Dell keeps on propelling its Personal PCs as amazingly steady and sensible, puncturing all segments of the market. In a market with little differentiation between merchants, the organization keeps on using money related worth and administration as a qualification. Dell s stock plan depends on the normalization of product stages and to build responsive to showcase propensities. They offer the customer a full extent of registering machine frameworks, including work area processing machine frameworks, note pad figuring machines, workstations, web servers and capacity stocks, stockpiling nation web, arrangements each piece great as a drawn-out decision of fringe equipment, computing bundle and related administrations ( www.dell.com ) . At the point when the organization entered the UK Market it uncounted unexpected employments with their plan, and adjusted their approaches with an end goal to show signs of improvement of these. One of the major unmanageable components of their product and administrations was the UK’s consumer’s hesitance to buy merchandise imperceptibly. The buyers buying wonts incorporated the substantial quality of the physical product, to contact before they purchase. 2.0MissionStatement The statement of purpose of Dell is to be the best processing machine organization known to mankind at introducing the best customer involvement with business sectors they serve ( www.dell.com ) . The organization intends to run into customer standpoints of the best product, taking designing, competitory evaluating, single and friends answerability, best help and backing, adaptable customisation ability, prevalent corporate citizenship, and monetary stableness. This announcement plainly characterizes and conveys Dell’s plan to all partners ( Johnson, G A ; Scholes J 2004 ) . Each different area of the organization contains their ain proclamations that advance and actualize the statement of purpose. These announcements are portrayed as the Soul of Dell ( www.dell.com ) . The data is spread through conveying channels, both composed and unwritten. This more remote fortifies and actualizing the codification of example ( Johnson, G A ; Scholes J 2004 ) . 3.0 Dell’s Operationss The registering machine organization is the universe s taking direct processing machine Systems and a head supplier of building for the Internet. The immediate gross incomes stations incorporate mail, phone and the Internet. As of now they sell 50 million dollars meriting product a twenty-four hours. Every one of Dell s agents dedicates their clasp to net incomes and administration. When a customer submits a request it begins the system of a worked to arrange creation, purchasing and bringing methodology ( www.dell.com ) . In the event that there is a vocation with a registering machine, the Dell agent has on-screen dish to a store of arrangements, picked up from mature ages of global criticism from customers. Each activity and its answer, is gathered on Dell s brought together registering machine. This other than contains inside informations of each customer s buy, by the use of continuous Numberss, a past filled with every single machine, gives help to the life-time of the processing machine ( Management Today, June 1991 ) . This data circuits has two purposes: to cut off way between figuring machine producer and the customer ; and to use quick moving criticism from single customers to give the most ideal support of all ( Management Today, June 1991 ) . The money saving advantages to Dell of this plan of selling are extensive, however their flexibly Dell offers the shopper accurately the correct product group of stars. Their capital is non tied in stock records and along these lines cut bringing down the risk of neglected stock. The fruitful developing of Dell would non hold happened without them offering corporate customers a similar technique for purchasing. This was the main incentive in the innovation of the organization ( Hoover, W.001 ) . 4.0 Dell in theUnited realm Globalization has expanded rivalry and has soaked both the opposition in the local markets and the imprint markets itself. This is brought about by the high level of rivalry among the take separating organizations in a given market area, expanding the product scope. This level of impregnation has expanded the interest for more remote advancement in the market to achieve competitory preferred position each piece great as maintainable developing in the worry ( Brassington, F Pettit, S 2003 ) . The organization entered the United realm showcase through a subordinate organization, Dell UK, in Bracknell in 1987. The technique for selling figuring machines was treated with extraordinary free-thought by the UK purchasers ( Management Today, June 1991 ) . One of the justification for this is the UK’s shoppers were disinclined to buy merchandise imperceptibly ( Management Today, June 1991 ) . This factor was from the start the unmanageable components of the new product in the UK Market. Extension of the organization can take topographic moment that the market advancement is in another area. Section into the market is all things considered at a similar degree as the bing rivalry. This geological spread is either broadly or globally ( Lynch, R 2003 ) . Porter’s factor and request conditions have been recognized by the organization, and their plan was to utilize the interest from large concerns ( Porter, M refered to in Brassington, F A ; Pettitt, S 2003 ) . The organization utilized exchange name cognizance, with an end goal to improve of this factor. Dell made sure about significant customers ; these incorporate BP, the RAF, Inchcape and the jail administration. Around 20 % of Dell’s net is from the UK, despite the fact that it only has a little segment of the UK’s individualized computing machine advertise. The UK is Dell s most grounded abroad market ; the organization is currently the figure two member, with net incomes of more than 1 billion Dollars. Worldwide the house positions fifth behind Compaq, IBM, Apple and NEC ( Management Today, Feb 1997 ) . Covering straight with corporate customers made an additional advantage for the organization. They minimized expenses, while volume and market parcel expanded, this additional to the exchange name cognizance. Their mass dissemination channels gave dish to a major new market, corporate customers. Another unmanageable factor from this plan was the expansion costs, in the signifier of product out of date quality, mark-ups, and managing costs ( Hoover, W.2001 ) . Dell has works with devoted locales for each significant customer, these mirror the organization for which it works ( Hoover, W.2001 ) . The organization followed a market improvement conspire, it moved past its prompt customer base towards pulling new customers for its current stocks ( Ansoff refered to in Lynch, R 2003 ) . This plan regularly includes the offer of bing stocks in new global markets. This may infer geographic endeavor of new areas of a market, new uses for the company’s stocks and benefits, or new topographical nations so as to bait new customers ( Lynch, R 2003 ) . Today the UK is the second biggest market for Dell outside the USA, and because of the colossal possibilities present here, it is a priority and esteemed market. Rodrigues ( 2003 ) Stated that Dell is non an organization that lays on its honors so we are perpetually reevaluating the way we do worry to remain competitory and run into customer requests ( Rodrigues, B ( General Manager Dell UK ) ( 2003 )

Credit Scoring Its Effects And Diffusion Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Introduction Credit scoring is a statistically derived numeric expression of a persons creditworthiness  that is used by lenders to access the likelihood that a person will repay  his or her  debts.  A credit score is based on, among other things, a persons past credit history. Credit scoring, using standardized formula is a measurement of  credit risk.  Factors  that can reduce  a credit  score  includes   absence of  credit  references, and late payments, and unfavourable  credit card  use. By using a credit score,  lenders determine  whether to grant a  loan, what  rate  to  charge and also the term.   For example, borrowers with a credit score that is under 600 will be unable to receive a prime mortgage and will typically need to go to a subprime lender for a subprime mortgage, in which will typically have a higher interest rate.. The designation for credit scoring is the FICO score is the single best summary score of ones credit worthiness. .A credit score number is often called a FICO score, a California company that developed the system upon which it is based. The score is supposed to distils all the information in your credit report, using a formula to calculate a single number that indicates your credit worthiness. Its designed to give lenders a fast, accurate prediction of the risk involved in giving you a loan. Lenders have attested to the scores value in streamlining the underwriting process and creating more opportunities for consumers to get mortgages. Scores range from the 300s to about 900, with the vast majority of folks falling in the 600s and 700s. The higher the score, the better. Literature Review Credit scoring: its effects and diffusion in the early stage A study was conducted by Jalal Akhavein, Scott Frame, and Lawrence (2005) to illustrate the effects of the introduction of credit scoring on small business credit market and determine the factors that influence the adaptation of this financial innovative among large banking organization during the middle 1990s. Jalal Akhavein, Scott Frame, and Lawrence (2005) stated that there were effects on borrower-lender interactions, loan pricing and credit availability since the introduction of credit scoring.They claimed that borrower-lender interactions might contract since credit scoring allowed lenders to grant or reject loans without physically meeting the borrower. They further stated the credit scoring might influence the price of credit as lenders would offer different price to borrowers according to the score gained. Regarding the availability of credit, they concluded there might be a rise in the number of credit, because cheaper or better information about the repayment prospects allowed lenders to price the credit accordingly, rather than rejecting loan out of fear. Jalal Akhavein, Scott Frame and Lawrence (2005) discussed how the three variables market variables, firms variables and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) variables influence the adaptation of credit scoring. According to the study, banks with market power and in less-concentrated markets relatively tended to adopt new technology credit scoring. The study also suggested that larger banking firms were more likely to adopt new technology because of their economies of scale and ability to pool risk. As suggested by the study, the personal characteristics of CEO had great influences on the adaptation of credit scoring as they had great power over decision making. Construction of credit scoring using data mining and its classification performance A study was conducted by Yap Bee Wah, Ong Seng Huat and Mohamed Husain Nor Huselina (2011) to demonstrate the use of data mining by using credit scoring models to assess credit worthiness and predict default in payment. In the study, credit scoring techniques was applied with the data of payment history of members from a recreational club which had been facing rising subscription fees payment defaults. To identify defaulters, the club used credit scorecard model, logistic regression model and decision tree model, and the performances were compared. The respective error rates are were 27.9%, 28.8% and 28.1%. The study concluded that although no models outperform the other, it is relatively easier to adopt scorecards (Bee Wah , Seng Huat Nor Huselina, 2011). Data mining is the process of extracting useful information from a large database, and this technique has been generally used in many fields, such as banking, finance, telecommunication, manufacturing, healthcare, insurance and others (Bee Wah, Seng Huat Nor Huselina, 2011). As stated by Bee Wah, Seng Huat and Nor Huselina Mohamed Husain, to construct a credit scoring models, data mining techniques is required. They explained useful historical data on payment obtained through data mining could help identify the important the demographic characteristic related to different credit risk and give a score for each borrower. They further suggested some sophisticated data mining software such as ANNs, MARS and SVM . Despite the usefulness of data mining, the study (2011) stated that there are limitations to construct credit scoring models. First, it is subjected to poor quality or unavailability of the data. Secondly, since it is based on historical data, bias occurs when the models are applied to new borrower. Therefore, the study concluded that there is no best model to evaluate credit worthiness, despite of the easy-to-use feature of credit scoring. Credit scoring in developing countries A study is conducted by Thanh Dinh and Stefanie (2007) to identify the borrower characteristics related to default risk and how the use of credit scoring models in the in developing countries such as Vietnam. Thanh Dinh and Stefanie (2007) stated, As the credit market in developing countries such as Vietnam become mature, banks benefit from credit growth, but also face increasing competition of local banks and sophisticated foreign banks. Thus, local banks started to change from relationship banking to transaction banking by adopting credit scoring model (CSM). They further claimed small banks or micro-financiers unable to collect complete and sufficient data of the borrower characteristics and their credit histories to design reliable CSMs. These data include borrowers income, collateral, character, reputation, and standing in the community. Therefore, to overcome the problem, they suggested the banking markets in developing countries must be matured enough to have a large database. Based on the case study in Vietnam, Thanh Dinh and Stefanie (2007) concluded significant advantages can be observed. First and foremost, CSM help to reduce default rate. Also, it helps banks to run risk-based pricing to manage its loan portfolio. Finally, can reduce the time and cost spent by the loan officer on loan assessment. Overall, it increases the competitiveness of the banks. Proposed Credit Scoring Model: Reassign Credit Scoring Model (RCSM) Due to the wave of financial innovation, more and more companies were forming better strategies with the help of credit scoring models. Hence, during the past decades, various credit scoring techniques models have been developed to keep on improving for a better credit approval scheme. (Rong-Ho Chun-Ling, 2009). These models include linear discriminant analysis (LDA), logistic regression (LR), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), classi ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ cation and regression tree (CART), case based reasoning (CBR), and arti ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ cial neural networks (ANNs). A model is proposed by Rong-Ho and Chun-Ling (2009) called reassign credit scoring model (RCSM). As claimed by them, the hybrid model combined ANNs, MARS and CBR approaches to eliminate the Type 1 errors rejecting good credit applicants. They further explained, RCSM model is divided to 2 phase, MARS first obtains input variable, ANNs then classify credit applicants into good or bad credit group ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦Consequently, CBR revaluate the rejected applicants by ANNs by comparing the similarities between rejected cases and CBR database which contains good and bad casesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ lastly, by looking at the amount of SG(similarities with good database case) and SB(similarities with bad database case), it classifies the rejected applicants into conditional accepted and rejected classes. Figure 1 show the process of RCSM. Rong-Ho and Chun-Ling (2009) stated that the proposed RCSM demonstrated the advantages of MARS, ANNs and CBR, the model eliminates Type I error and increases the approval rate of credit, potentially, increasing banks revenue. Even though the misclassification cost of Type II error (reassigning a rejected customer as good when they are actually bad) was higher than Type I error, the cost could be decreased while increasing Type I errors were eliminated (Rong-Ho Chun-Ling, 2009). Figure 1: The process of RCSM. Source: Rong-Ho, L., Chun-Ling, C. (2009). Constructing a reassigning credit scoring model. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(2), 1685-1694 Recommendation and Conclusion Improve Data Mining Quality To improve data quality, we suggest that the organization need to ensure the imprecise data to be cleaned in order to get more useful and efficient mining. We suggest that they should clean the unnecessary data frequently. They can remove the duplicate records, normalizing the values or number in representing information in the database. For example, no is represented as a 0, cross or sometimes even as a N, X and so on throughout the database. Besides, they also can removing unuseful data fields by identifying anomalous data points. For example, they can remove individuals whose age between 120-130. Moreover, they also can improve the data quality by standardizing data formats to avoid bias concept. For example, all the date is using DD/MM/YYYY format. This can let all the data look more consistence so that they can avoid some error that may face by user. Lastly, they also should carefully verify the information before database entry, make sure the credibility, authenticity and fidel ity of data. In my opinion, they should have some expertises for database checkups regularly to ensure that old data is refreshed and continues to perform wisely for the coming year. Sensitive to the changes of economic As our suggestions, Credit scoring should take consideration to the changes in economic such as inflation or deflation. High inflation could slow down the economic growth and hence credit growth. This is because economic fluctuation might effect the consumer behavior , amount of loan as well as the capacity of individual. Therefore, we suggest that credit scoring should come out with different steps and evaluation based on different economic situation . For example, during recession , the credit score should be more tight and should charge higher interest rate due to the default risk is higher. In short, economic circumstances can be an extra predictive information in credit scoring, in order to forecast the future credit performance of the individual efficiency, bankers should consider both individual and economic situation before making credit evaluation. Improve in diffusion of small business credit scoring in early stage To improve in small business in credit scoring in early stage, we suggest the banking organization to restate the score for each new applicants of credit. This might clear the old data and restructure again scores for accurate determination on eligibility for loan. For example, scores for last month might differ from scores for this month. Besides that, organization should hire a special agent to check the information given is valid or not as the information of applicant might differs in other banks. Other than that, we suggest the CEO of banking organization to have a briefing given by for example Federal Bank, this will ensure any new technology implementation on credit scoring is reliable and this also gives confident and limitation for manager to make decision on credit scoring pertaining issues. The diffusion of small business credit scoring is more likely to develop in future as technology advance makes things easier with less risk. Reassign credit scoring model (RCSM) As reassign credit scoring model (RCSM) might only provide credit manager with numerical scores which is insufficient for the credit manager for explain negative credit decision. Thus, we suggest RCSM to have some explanations in neither accepting nor rejecting the loans. Furthermore, the professionally designed, tested and validated credit scoring model can be expensive for the banking organization to purchase them. Thus, we suggest the reassign credit scoring model to customize the needs of each bank so that mimic the decision making style and the risk tolerance of the companies can be reduced.

Analysis Of Gandhi s Reclaiming A Tradition And Making...

Ronald Terchek writes this article to describe the viewpoint that Gandhi has on some of the traditions that are present in the Indian culture. The title of his piece ‘Reclaiming a Tradition and Making It Your Own’ is exactly what he writes about, because Gandhi takes his form of Hinduism and he molds the traditions to be more flexible to his own ideas and interests. The reason for this article is to describe how Gandhi and his fellow Indians took parts of their own religion and reformed some of the original traditions which they had believed had become corrupt and ritualized over time. Terchek asks in this article, just why was Gandhi so keen on changing the traditions of his native religion? Before we can start talking about what exactly Gandhi changed, we need to see what Gandhi himself thought about traditions and what they meant to him. Gandhi believes that tradition that is going to be practiced has, â€Å"to give meaning beyond convenience and necessity†¦ providing individuals with moral materials to frame their choices†¦He finds that each tradition speaks to the moral, cooperative nature of men and women and challenges the self-interests that are lodged in every person and any society.† This is what Gandhi sees happening in most of the major faiths and their traditions. Gandhi understands that each religion is different and have their own traditions based on their differences but that all faiths ultimately share common origins and they have the same source althoughShow MoreRelatedSocial Determinants of Health10939 Words   |  44 Pagesa strong renaissance of Indigenous culture and forms of creative expression, and a reconnection and 25 Working Together reclaiming of cultural life. Aboriginal culture has roots deep in the past. Australia’s Indigenous cultural traditions have a history and continuity unrivalled in the world. Far from signifying the end of Indigenous Australian traditions, new forms of adaptation are bringing new vitality to older cultural themes and values that need to be addressed. Contemporary IndigenousRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company and Disney Management25371 Words   |  102 PagesEuroDisney as American imperialism— plastics at its worst.† The well-known, sentimental Japanese attachment to Disney characters contrasted starkly with the unexpected and widespread French scorn for American fairy-tale characters. French culture has its own lovable cartoon characters such as Astà ©rix, the helmeted, pint-sized Gallic warrior, who has a theme park located near EuroDisney. Hostility among the French people to the whole â€Å"Disney idea† had surfaced early in the planning of the new project. ParisRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagescompanies at a far faster rate than would have been the case if there had been no boom; that is, without those effects, innovation might not have taken place at all. All this business growth has caused increasing complexity in business action and deci sion making. It has presented chief executive officers (CEOs) and management leaders in all markets and industries with new intricacies in deciding how to weigh and time the business decisions—and the quality of those decisions—that increasingly challenge their

Descriptive Essay About Disneyland - 1183 Words

Ever heard of this place called Disneyland? Yes, that huge phenomenon that every little child loves and even teenagers and adults love. Where there is these amazing rides and every Disney character you can think of is there! You probably know it as this amazing place that everyone loves and there is no wrong! Or maybe parents even know Disneyland from taking their child there so maybe they could get their energy taken out! But little do you know is that this place has a very darker side than we really know. We believe this place is so innocent and so nice and peaceful but we are wrong. This place is haunted and most people don t even know this. Have you gone to Disneyland and feel maybe a chill even though there was no wind? Or a†¦show more content†¦The Monorail: The Monorail seems the least place to be haunted but some people don t even know about the death of this poor innocent 19 year-old boy. You know how teenage boys are, always getting in trouble and fooling around. Little did this 19 year-old boy know that his fooling around might be the cause of his death. This boy decided to come to Grad Night, which is where high school graduates can come into Disneyland after hours as much as they want. Well he decided to play on the Monorail and the security guard already told him a lot of times to â€Å"get off this because it’s very dangerous†. Well they boy decided not to listen and his consequences were getting dragged 30-40 feet just right before the train came to a stop. Many heard rumors about that late at night some after hour workers would see a young man walking the Monorail tracks just where this 19 year-old boy died. They would say they would look up and see the boy for a split second and then all of a sudden, he just disappears. Don’t believe it’s haunted yet, just wait till the next story! The Most Haunted Mansion Ever: Everyone knows Disneyland s Mansion! It’s only the most known places in Disneyland and also known as the most Haunted Mansion. Of course people would believe that it’s haunted because, I mean come on! It’s a mansion! A lot of mansions are haunted but nothingShow MoreRelatedHow Does A Middle Paragraph Differ From The Structure Of An Introductory Paragraph? Essay6292 Words   |  26 Pagesof a full essay? a. The structures of a paragraph and a full essay are similar because they both include a beginning, a middle, and an end. 5. What is the function of the first sentence in a paragraph? a. The first sentence in a paragraph is the topic sentence, which tells the reader about what the rest of the paragraph is about. 6. What is the function of the middle section of a paragraph? a. The middle section of the paragraph gives details and illustrates what the main point is about. 7. WhyRead Morestudy guide Essay5978 Words   |  24 Pagescareer development opportunities Weeks 3 12 2. Problem Working 20% Identify aspects of social and cultural diversity Contextualise information and problem definition Understand the cognitive dispositional dimension of critical thinking Essay and Problem solving exercise Locate, critically evaluate, manage and use written, numerical and electronic information Communicate in a variety of contexts and modes Weeks 4 9 3. Case Assessments 50% Appreciate the social, cultural,Read MorePostmodernism and the Simpsons10775 Words   |  44 PagesHugvà ­sindadeild Postmodernism and The Simpsons Intertextuality, Hyperreality and Critique of Metanarratives Ritgerà ° til B.A.-prà ³fs Bjà ¶rn Erlingur Flà ³ki Bjà ¶rnsson bjornfloki@gmail.com Kt. 110982-5779 Maà ­ 2006 Abstract This essay offers a postmodernist reading of the popular television program The Simpsons, with special regard to the postmodern theories of intertexuality, hyperreality, and metanarratives. Before delving into The Simpsons, some major theoretical aspects of postmodernism in aestheticRead MoreFeminine Mystique12173 Words   |  49 PagesSupplemental Reading for US History 2 From Rosie to Lucy Questions students must answer in a 500-word (minimum) essay: 1) Describe the post-WWII frustrations felt by women such as Betty Friedan. 2) During the era of â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, what gains did women make in the workforce? How did these women feel about themselves and their contributions? What did society as a whole think? 3) What role did mass media play during the 1950s and 1960s in regard to supporting or undermining theRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pageson acid-free paper by Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 0–19–928335–4 978–0–19–928335–4 ISBN 0–19–928336–2 (Pbk.) 978–0–19–928336–1 (Pbk.) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 3 FOREWORD ‘ Michael Bromwich is an exemplar of all that is good about the British tradition of academic accounting. Serious in intent, he has striven both to illuminate practice and to provide ways of improving it. Although always appealing to his economic understandings, he has been open to a wide variety of other ideas

Hatred and selfishness Essay Example For Students

Hatred and selfishness Essay Sheila strips down her clothes to her underwear to the realisation that she is not worthy of them Its simply my fault that in the end she commited suicide. Sheila belives that because she helped put Eva Smith into a position where she cant enjoy anything, Shiela wants to refrain herself from the nice things in life from now on. Mrs.Birling however keeps on all of her clothes and jewellry to represent her ingnorance and arrogance to the situation, even now she has been made aware that she helped towards Eva Smiths demise she still thinks that she was right in using her authority because of her pride to turn Eva Smith away. When talking of what she had done Mrs. Birling tends to use words such as naturally and simply as if there was absolutly no wrong in what she had done at all. simply a piece of gross impertinance naturally that was one of the things that prejudiced me against her case. The structure of the play is set out as a whodunnit with one line of enquiery at a time. One line of enquiery at a time. Otherwise well all be talking at once and wont know were we are. This is done so that there is no confusion with the messages being conveyed. This whodunnit structure has been tapered with, as usually at the end you know who did it, and why, but at the end of this play there is no specific culprit, and nobody murdered anybody because Eva Smith commited suicide. Priestly wanted you to have full understanding of the characters, so to help convey what each character was learning there are no intervals, just as in real life you would not be able to break and forget about whats happening for half an hour then go back to life, Priestly wants to show this is in real time as its happening, just like life. have. And from this play it would seem that if I had any of these diseases, that trouble would surely come my way.

Management Across Cultures Research Proposal Essay Example

Management Across Cultures Research Proposal Essay Abstract The paper is aimed at critical evaluation of the thesis that managerial work, skills and role are uniform throughout the world. This thesis is found to be controversial as it overlooks cross-cultural variations across nations as well as subcultures within one nation. Research outlined in two scholarly articles serves as evidence. The article by P.S. Kim, PS ‘Globalization of Human Resource Management: A Cross-Cultural Perspective for the Public Sector’ (1999) concentrates on examination of intercultural differences as assessed by Hofstede’s four dimensions and demonstrates their impact on managerial practice. The other article authored by Tomasz Lenartowicz and Kendall Roth explores the relationship between cross-cultural variation in motivational domains of four Brazilian subcultures and their business performance. The conclusion summarizes the findings of the research and its bearing on the evaluation of the original thesis. The final conclusion is that manageri al expertise and functions demonstrate substantial variation across nations, and even within one nation managers have to act differently working with different subcultures. Introduction Management around the world is undoubtedly grounded in some basic principles that govern the work of managers throughout the world. Everywhere, managers have to make decisions, lead and motivate subordinates, strive for profitability and maximisation of the firm’s value and build relationships with customers. At the same time, managers working in different national and regional environments often have to consider local cultural realities and rely on those in their management functions. Discrepancies existing between national, ethnic, social and cultural groups influence the way businesses function and direct affect managers that lead those businesses. These differences can become a serious challenge for someone who wants to migrate from one nation to another, working as an expatriate manager. 1. Cultures are Different We will write a custom essay sample on Management Across Cultures Research Proposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Management Across Cultures Research Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Management Across Cultures Research Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Management scholars have long found that cultures are not the same around the world. Instead, they value on many different aspects that determine the course of business and shape the management’s role and required skills. One of the classic frameworks for the examination of culture is Geert Hofstede’s dimensions that determine national system of values. Among these dimensions are ‘power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, and masculinity/femininity’ (Kim 1999). These dimensions have a direct bearing upon managers. Thus, different degrees of uncertainty avoidance will cause different degrees of risk tolerance, impacting the decision-making strategies. Power distance has a direct bearing upon the role of the manager and the manager’s relationships with the subordinates. Thus, in the Eastern cultures the manager is seen as a paternal figure that has to be treated by the subordinates as such. The manager who has this kind of respect accorded with age and promotion has to behave accordingly, supervising the subordinates and taking care of them. On the contrary, in the West, where the culture is more egalitarian, the manager is often seen simply as someone who is performing a function rather than someone who has implicit authority over others. Individualism/ collectivism division also matters as it affects ‘the type of leadership most likely to be effective in a country’ (Kim 1999). Thus, in culture that places greater value on collectivism leadership is effective when it leaves the possibility for group decision-making open. On the contrary, in individualist nations the leader has to rely more on individuals, distributing assignments in such a way that each individual is aware of his/her specific role and tasks. The manager most certainly has to adapt to each kind of culture separately. For instance, someone who is used to working in a collectivist culture cannot very easily shift to an individualist one, as this manager would most probably give assignments to groups and then wonder why group work breaks down. Besides, in individualist societies ‘task prevails over relationship’, while in collectivist societies relationships are the greatest priority. 2. Cultural Differences and Management Approaches Culture is an important part of the environment in which the manager has to function. Although an organization strives to create its own corporate culture, but in case it conflicts with national value system, this culture will also conflict with employees’ values and therefore will fail to act as stimulation. Pan Suk Kim in his article ‘Globalization of Human Resource Management: A Cross-Cultural Perspective for the Public Sector’ (1999) states with regard to the interplay between management and culture: Cultural differences significantly influence management approaches and the performance of employees within organizations. General principles of management and specific human resource practices evolving out of management theories are currently being seriously questioned in various cross-cultural settings. Cross-cultural understanding and intercultural communications skills, therefore, can contribute to the success of negotiations. Owing to modern travel and communication technology, intercultural encounters have multiplied at a prodigious rate. Embarrassments occur between ordinary tourists and locals, as well as between business partners. Subtle misunderstandings still occur in negotiations between modern diplomats and government leaders. Avoiding any cultural conflict should be one of the themes of training and education. Managers need to be aware that their work should evolve in correspondence to the cultural norms existing in a nation. International experience alone often cannot provide managers with the skills necessary in order to deal with employees of different backgrounds. For this reason, cross-cultural training should become a staple part of the management training curriculum. This training can be based on social learning theory that incorporates â€Å"symbolic modeling† consisting in observing and imitating and â€Å"participative modeling† including direct action (Kim 1999). The fact that scholars intensively plot various cross-cultural training techniques also attests to the fact that managers have to change their approaches to adjust to cultural reality. 3. Need to Adapt to Subcultures While most talk about the difference in the role, work and skills of the managers focus on variations from country to country, one can find different cultural groups within nations themselves. Many contemporary states arose as a result of convergence of various ethnic or religious groups. Thus, in India one has to adopt different methods when working with Muslim or Hindu populations. Working in African nations, managers need to be aware that they are often composed of a variety of tribal groups, the values of which have not arrived at a common denominator in the time of the existence of these states. An interesting study about the influence of subcultures on business decision-making, practices and outcomes is presented in the article by Tomasz Lenartowicz and Kendall Roth ‘Does Subculture within a Country Matter? A Cross-Cultural Study of Motivational Domains and Business Performance in Brazil’. They divide the nation, in agreement with previous researchers into four corresponding areas that correspond to nationalities: Minas Gerais provinc populated by Mineiros, Greater Rio de Janeiro inhabited by Cariocas, the Sao Paulo state populated by Paulistas, and the Gauchos occupying the Rio Grande do Sul state. In examining these subcultures co-exist in Brazil researchers rely on value-based model that takes values to be the cornerstone of culture. They also include the exploration of motivational domains defined as ‘specific types of motivational concerns that the various values express’ and their impact on business outcomes (Lenartowicz Roth 2001). The motivational domains against which cultures were measured included: achievement, enjoyment, security, self-direction, and restrictive conformity domains. Lenartowicz Roth found that values and motivation indeed varied across subcultures and even affected business outcomes. Thus, they found that for the Paulistas self-direction domain was more important than for the Cariocas. Instead, the Cariocas placed a greater value on security. The Gauchos place greater emphasis on self-direction than the Paulistas. At the same time, the Paulistas have scored higher on self-direction and enjoyment than the Mineiros (Lenartowicz Roth 2001). A manager working in Brazil where the four subcultures live has to take into account these perspectives and adapt one’s methods to the people working with them. Thus, someone working with the Paulistas has to realize that these people value independence in decision-making. Consequently, the whole managerial system probably has to be structured in a way that will give individuals an opportunity to participate in the company’s initiative. Employee empowerment would be welcome and appreciated. At the same time, an analogous model cannot be transplanted directly to the Cariocas or the Mineiros who may find themselves frustrated with the load of decision-making they have to handle. Conclusion The above discussion demonstrates that managers have to adapt in many ways to the specificities of cultures around the globe. The classical system of Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions underscores the variation of culture from one nation to another. Managers have to adjust as their subordinate have different expectations of what their leaders will be like. In any case, it makes sense to develop a managerial style that will correspond to the national norms and values. Thus, the managerial work, role and skills demonstrate significant variations across the globe and cannot be described as the same. Moreover, even within one nation managers will face a number of subgroups that will make a difference in the manager’s work. The current trend toward globalization that pushes managers towards intercultural encounters makes cross-cultural training an important part of managerial education. References